EBay Inc (EBAY) — Q3 2025 Earnings Call Transcript

Good afternoon. Thank you all for joining us for eBay's Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. Joining me today on the call are Jamie Iannone, our Chief Executive Officer; and Peggy Alford, our Chief Financial Officer. We're providing a slide presentation to accompany our commentary during the call, which is available through the Investor Relations section of the eBay website at investors.ebayinc.com. Before we begin, I'll remind you that during this conference call, we will discuss certain non-GAAP measures related to our performance. You can find a reconciliation of these measures to the nearest comparable GAAP measures in our accompanying slide presentation. Additionally, all growth rates noted in our prepared remarks will reflect FX-neutral year-over-year comparisons, and all earnings per share amounts reflect earnings per diluted share unless indicated otherwise. During this conference call, management will make forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our future performance and expected financial results. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from our forecast for a variety of reasons. You can find more information about risks, uncertainties and other factors that could affect our operating results in our most recent periodic reports on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and our earnings release from earlier today. You should not rely on any forward-looking statements. All information in this presentation is as of October 29, 2025. We do not intend and undertake no duty to update this information. With that, I'll turn the call over to Jamie.

Thanks, John. Good afternoon, and thank you all for joining us today. I'm pleased to report we delivered better-than-expected results across our key financial metrics in Q3. Our gross merchandise volume grew 8% to $20.1 billion. Revenue increased by over 8% to $2.82 billion, and our non-GAAP earnings per share grew over 14% year-over-year to $1.36. We achieved these strong top and bottom-line results amid continued macroeconomic challenges across our international markets and increased headwinds for cross-border trade into the U.S. Now let's go deeper into the key drivers behind our strong Q3 performance. Focus category GMV growth accelerated to over 15% in Q3, outpacing the remainder of our marketplace by roughly 11 percentage points. This growth was broad-based as all of our focus categories grew positively year-over-year with most accelerating sequentially. Although we expect the level of growth in focus categories to normalize in the near future, our momentum speaks to the level of innovation we've driven for customers and the increased likelihood that enthusiasts consider eBay when shopping in these categories. Within our focus categories, collectibles was the largest contributor to growth, driven by another quarter of accelerating year-over-year GMV growth in both collectible card games and sports trading cards. Our off-platform marketplaces, TCGplayer and Goldin, also saw GMV accelerate sequentially. Pokémon GMV grew in the triple digits year-over-year for the third straight quarter, benefiting from a strong product release cadence. We believe our continued momentum in trading cards is a direct result of the trust and innovation we've driven for hobbyists in recent years with features like My Collection, AI-powered listing tools, authentication and grading, consignment partnerships, and integrated PSA population data. We've added new ways to buy and connect with other enthusiasts through eBay Live. We've also benefited from a consistent drumbeat of activations at major tentpole events like New York Comic Con and the National Card Collectors Convention, where we had our biggest presence ever this year. While we do not expect GMV growth in this category to be linear every quarter, particularly as we face more challenging comps starting in Q4, we are confident in a long runway for secular growth in trading cards. Motor parts and accessories, or P&A, was our second largest contributor to GMV growth in Q3, generating more than one point for the overall marketplace. The introduction of easy and free returns in the U.S. continued to build upon our trusted value proposition in P&A, while the cost and return rates for this program are well within our forecasted ranges. We continue to expand choice and selection in key inventory segments such as salvage and used parts, which help consumers find value at a time when many are stretched financially. Overall, we have over 750 million live P&A listings, which enables us to offer the largest online selection of unique auto parts and accessories in most of our major markets. Fashion was another notable driver of GMV growth in Q3, led by our luxury, streetwear, and preloved apparel focus categories. In Q3, we reinforced our commitment to the circular economy through a collaboration with Marks & Spencer, one of the U.K.'s most iconic retail brands. U.K. consumers can now drop off used clothing at Marks & Spencer stores and give those items a second life through resale on eBay. The program keeps quality fashion in circulation by repairing, cleaning, and reselling wearable items and responsibly recycling the rest. We're excited by the potential of this partnership to unlock more preloved clothing on eBay, extend the lifespan of high-quality products, and raise awareness of our growing role in driving the circular economy. In September, we expanded our authenticity guarantee program in the U.K. to cover 70 luxury and premium brands in apparel, shoes, and accessories, building upon our existing offerings in sneakers, watches, handbags, and fine jewelry. This makes the U.K. our first market where luxury items can be authenticated from head to toe, reducing buyer friction and unlocking more high-value transactions across premium brands. eBay Live continues to build momentum with consistent quarter-over-quarter growth across every major key performance indicator we track, including viewers, watch time, sold items, and GMV. In recent weeks, eBay Live's annual GMV run rate was up approximately 5x year-over-year. We've created more personalized entry points into eBay Live across our homepage, search, and view item pages, making it easier for our scaled buyer base to discover and join live shopping events that speak directly to their passions. In Q3, we hosted some incredible eBay Live shopping events in the U.S. The Backstreet Boys joined Paradise Card Breaks at the eBay Open in Las Vegas. We had Milwaukee Bucks superstar, Giannis Antetokounmpo, and his brothers join Ken Goldin for a memorable event at the National. Ken also teamed up with Logan Paul for a high-end sports card box break, which drew approximately 20,000 viewers over a multi-hour stream. eBay Live is also gaining strong traction in the U.K. following its formal launch in May at Comic Con London. Since then, we've seen a consistent cadence of exciting live shopping events from a Love Island Charity Auction stream and eBay's Endless Runway event at London Fashion Week to Pokémon weekend and new channels for toys and memorabilia. In September, SharkNinja also hosted our first refurbished appliance sales event with great success. It's exciting to see how quickly eBay Live is building cultural relevance and meaningful engagement with enthusiasts across the U.K. Overall, we're thrilled by the response we're seeing from sellers and buyers on eBay Live and see significant potential for live commerce to become a strategic growth vector for our marketplace. Improvements to our consumer-to-consumer or C2C value proposition in key geographies represent another strategic growth vector for our business. One year after we launched our U.K. C2C initiative, we continue to see compelling results. In the first half of 2025, we saw U.K. C2C GMV growth remain well above our prelaunch baseline as we introduced a buyer-facing fee and ramped adoption of our managed shipping program, which streamlines the shipping process, reduces costs, and improves trust. In Q3, we introduced additional C2C changes, including faster payouts for long-tenured sellers, greater transparency into all-in pricing when sellers are listing items and negotiating offers, and more competitive terms for items priced below GBP 20. As a result, we saw U.K. customer satisfaction improve notably alongside accelerating year-over-year GMV growth during the quarter. We recently added shipping support for bulky and heavy items through DHL, and we exited Q3 with the majority of U.K. C2C transactions utilizing our managed shipping program, which is now mandated for all eligible items. Earlier this month, we closed the acquisition of Tise, a leading social marketplace in the Nordics focused on pre-loved fashion and lifestyle goods. Tise has built a highly engaged Gen Z and millennial community and a strong track record in social community-led commerce. This acquisition strengthens our leadership in the circular economy, increases our presence in the Nordic markets, and accelerates our work to make consumer selling more seamless, trusted, and scalable. I'm excited to welcome the Tise team to eBay, and I look forward to our teams learning from each other as we drive innovation for fashion enthusiasts and accelerate the circular economy. Our years of investment in artificial intelligence have enabled us to leverage our scale and three decades of commercially relevant data and insights to transform the eBay experience for customers. In recent years, we've utilized generative AI to dramatically improve the selling experience on eBay through progressive iterations of our magical listing technology. In addition to selling, we've been testing a variety of agentic experiences in search and shopping to learn how buyers and sellers engage with AI at different phases of the customer journey. This includes both on eBay agentic experiences like our AI shopping agent pilot and third-party agents from companies like OpenAI. Our AI shopping agent has given buyers a new way to shop across our inventory with personalized product picks and expert guidance based on their individual shopping preferences. As the pilot has progressed, we've significantly improved the underlying technology powering the experience. For example, we were able to build hyper-optimized large language models in-house that perform specific shopping agent tasks at lower latency and for significantly reduced costs versus commercial models. With these learnings and efficiency improvements, we're now poised to gradually bring agentic capabilities into the core of eBay's business through the main search experience over the coming quarters. Our early learnings have also guided the development of our unified agentic commerce platform, which integrates our hybrid cloud infrastructure, large language model ecosystem, our model context protocol server, and other agentic protocols with our proprietary data layer. This platform enables a fully connected experience between eBay agents and generalized third-party agents from companies like OpenAI, which allows us to offer the most personalized and relevant products to shoppers in real-time based on our 30 years of listings, pricing, transactions, and behavior signals. We believe this platform will enable us to deliver more personalized, seamless, and trusted experiences for eBay buyers regardless of where they started their shopping journey. With these capabilities now in place, we are well-positioned to continue improving the on-eBay experience with agentic tools, touching more of the end-to-end shopping journey, but also connect to compelling third-party agentic experiences. I'm also excited to see how easy and seamless it is to shop on eBay using the iPhone camera after our recent integration into Apple's visual intelligence feature in iOS 26. Now when a user takes a photo or screenshot of a product they like to shop for online, they can quickly surface relevant listings on eBay, helping more iOS users discover our breadth and depth of unique inventory through an intuitive experience. iPhone users can also take advantage of a great new feature for auctions after we launched live activities functionality on iOS in September, which gives bidders real-time updates directly on their phone's lock screen during the final 10 minutes of an eBay auction. This engaging feature has seen click-through rates more than 4x higher than our standard push notifications for auction listings, helping ensure buyers never miss a chance to bid on their next great eBay find. Connections between buyers and sellers have always been at the heart of eBay's marketplace. And now we're using AI to make those interactions faster and easier to manage. In Q3, we rolled out an AI assistant for member-to-member messaging across the U.S., U.K., and Australia. This tool takes information from the listing details to provide immediate high-quality suggested answers to buyer inquiries, enabling quicker responses. Sellers have told us this feature has been extremely helpful in answering buyer questions promptly, giving them more time to list items and grow their businesses on eBay. Within member-to-member messaging, we've also rolled out a fully integrated offers experience directly into the messaging flow for customers in the U.S., Germany, and Australia. This means buyers and sellers can now negotiate offers, view their full offer history, and execute counter-offers without ever leaving the conversation thread, reducing friction and driving improved sales velocity. With each successive quarter, AI is becoming more embedded throughout the eBay experience. As we build on this progress, we believe AI will continue to make eBay simpler, more personal, and more connected for every user. Moving to advertising. In Q3, first-party advertising revenue on the eBay platform grew nearly 23%, driven by broad-based growth across our ads portfolio. Active Promoted Listings comprised nearly 1.2 billion of more than 2.4 billion total listings on eBay, while over 4.4 million sellers adopted at least a single Promoted Listings product during the quarter. Promoted Listings general ads were the largest contributor to the year-over-year ad revenue growth in Q3, followed by PL Priority placements, Promoted Offsite ads, and Promoted Stores units. We continue to leverage our proprietary AI capabilities to enhance advertising performance. For instance, we recently launched a new multimodal embedding model on view item pages to deliver more relevant recommendations to buyers. This model led to a measurable uplift in Promoted Listings revenue by leveraging the listings' imagery in addition to its title and other listings details to surface higher-quality recommendations. In Financial Services, we reached a major milestone for our Seller Capital program in Q3. Since the inception of this program in 2021, more than $1 billion in growth capital has been dispersed to eBay sellers across the U.S., U.K., and Germany through our financing partners, including more than $200 million through the first three quarters of 2025. Many sellers have told us this additional working capital has made a significant difference in their ability to invest in inventory, people, and technology to grow their businesses on eBay. Turning next to our shipping initiatives, which have become a critical strategic imperative in today's increasingly complex environment for cross-border trade. The recent elimination of the de minimis exemption for imports under $800 has created incremental cost and friction for cross-border trade into the U.S. To help our sellers and buyers navigate these challenges, we meaningfully accelerated our multiyear product road map for shipping solutions. In October, we launched eBay International Shipping in Canada, our third largest quarter for U.S. imports after Greater China and Japan. This rollout brings the best parts of the U.S. program to both business and consumer sellers in Canada, along with additional capabilities like delivery duties paid functionality and automated application of country of origin data. In Q4, we also began enabling business sellers in Germany to access SpeedPAK, an end-to-end cross-border shipping solution offered through a joint venture, which is already available to sellers in Greater China and Japan. SpeedPAK automates customs documentation and tariff calculations, helping sellers manage new trade requirements with greater efficiency. By simplifying compliance and improving delivery time predictability, SpeedPAK strengthens the resilience of cross-border trade on eBay and ensures buyers continue to receive a reliable shopping experience with transparent duties. As we advance our strategic initiatives, we're equally focused on fostering the culture and talent that makes this progress possible. I'm proud that our dedication to building an inclusive workplace environment continues to be recognized externally. eBay has been named one of Forbes America's Best Employers for Company Culture, one of Time World's Best Companies, and one of Newsweek America's Greatest Companies for 2025. These acknowledgments reaffirm our efforts to foster a positive, high-performing culture that attracts and retains some of the best talent in the industry. In closing, Q3 was another strong quarter for eBay, underscoring the momentum in our strategy and the resilience of our marketplace. Our focused categories continue to drive significant growth for our overall marketplace, driven by continued innovation, trusted experiences, and increased selection for enthusiasts worldwide. Our agentic commerce platform opens up entirely new opportunities for eBay by enabling connectivity between on eBay and third-party agents to facilitate personalized conversational shopping experiences that bring eBay's unique inventory and trust to wherever buyers begin their search. AI also continues to make selling on eBay more seamless and efficient from our magical listing technology to our new member-to-member messaging tools that help sellers manage buyer inquiries in real-time. I'm incredibly excited about our expansion of eBay Live into new European markets, which builds upon the tremendous momentum we're seeing in the U.S. as we bring live community-driven commerce to more enthusiasts. Lastly, our investments in global shipping services are not only helping us support sellers in the current environment but are accelerating our road map to make cross-border trade more frictionless, which can drive more velocity for consumers and small businesses around the world. Together, these investments keep eBay well-positioned for continued long-term sustainable growth as we reinvent the future of e-commerce for enthusiasts. With that, I'll turn the call over to Peggy, who will provide more details on our financial performance and outlook.

Thank you, Jamie. I will begin with the financial highlights of the third quarter. GMV grew 8% to $20.1 billion. Revenue grew over 8% to $2.82 billion. Our non-GAAP operating income grew 9% year-over-year to $764 million. Non-GAAP earnings per share grew over 14% year-over-year to $1.36, and we returned approximately $760 million to shareholders through repurchases and cash dividends. Let's take a closer look at our financial and operating metrics for the third quarter. GMV grew 8% to $20.1 billion on an FX-neutral basis, accelerating by roughly 4 points sequentially. Our growth in Q3 was primarily attributable to our focus categories and overall strength in the U.S. market, partially offset by a relatively more challenging macro environment internationally and changes to U.S. trade policy, including the elimination of the de minimis exemption globally in late August. Foreign exchange provided a tailwind of approximately 180 basis points to spot GMV growth. Focus categories grew over 15% in Q3 with all focus categories contributing to our total growth from collectibles to P&A, luxury, refurbished, apparel, and sneakers. In our U.S. market, GMV growth accelerated to nearly 13%, driven by broad-based strength across categories and by increases in both sold items and average selling price. In addition to overall strength in the U.S. market, our GMV growth continued to benefit from tailwinds like our Klarna partnership and efficiency and lower funnel marketing spend. Because GMV is reported based on the location of the seller, the delta between U.S. and international GMV growth was also influenced by demand shifting toward domestic sellers due to tariffs. International GMV grew nearly 4% on an FX-neutral basis with foreign exchange providing a tailwind of 350 basis points to spot growth. Despite facing relatively more challenging macroeconomic conditions outside of the U.S. in Q3, our international GMV growth also improved sequentially. Recent enhancements to our C2C value proposition in the U.K. contributed to an overall acceleration in U.K. volume growth. Our cross-border business was resilient in the third quarter. However, we saw a deceleration in year-over-year volume growth starting in September in key markets importing into the U.S. after the removal of the de minimis exemption. Shifting to our buyer metrics. Our trailing 12-month active buyers were over 134 million in Q3, up 1% year-over-year. Enthusiast buyers remained stable at roughly 16 million, while spend per enthusiast buyer grew year-over-year to over $3,200 on a trailing 12-month basis. Moving on to our income statement. Revenue grew over 8% to $2.82 billion on an FX-neutral basis in Q3, while foreign exchange was a tailwind of over 120 basis points to spot growth. Our take rate was 14% in Q3 as continued strength in advertising was partially offset by several headwinds. As sellers and buyers adjusted to the new trade policies, we are seeing an uptick in returned and canceled orders, which led to a roughly 10 basis point headwind to our Q3 take rate as these transactions are included in GMV, but not revenue. Our average selling price was also increased in recent quarters, mostly driven by category mix shift, which also pressured our take rate. In addition, U.K. C2C represented a modest year-over-year headwind as we continue to scale our managed shipping initiative during Q3. Lastly, foreign exchange was a headwind of nearly 10 basis points to our take rate year-over-year. Total advertising revenue was $525 million, representing GMV penetration of 2.6%. Within the eBay platform, first-party ads grew nearly 23% to $496 million. We continue to deprecate legacy third-party display ads, which declined by 40% to $7 million. Off-platform ads grew 32%, reaching $22 million. Non-GAAP gross margin of 71.6% declined by over 80 basis points year-over-year due to expected headwinds from managed shipping, traffic acquisition costs related to promoted off-site ads, depreciation expenses, and foreign exchange. These factors were partially offset by tax-related tailwinds as we lapped one-time expenses a year ago and continued cost of payment efficiencies in the quarter. Our non-GAAP operating margin was 27.1%, down 10 basis points year-over-year, including a foreign exchange headwind of 10 basis points. Marketing and operating efficiencies generated leverage in the quarter, which was partially offset by product development expenses. As we noted last quarter, given the recent strength in our business, we are reinvesting a portion of top line upside in order to accelerate our strategic initiatives, including eBay Live, shipping solutions, and vehicles. We are also expanding our global employee footprint in order to optimize our location strategy and to comply with U.S. data transfer policies. Non-GAAP earnings per share was $1.36, up over 14% year-over-year, and GAAP earnings per share from continuing operations was $1.28, down 1% year-over-year as we lapped investment gains in Q3 of last year. Turning to our balance sheet and capital allocation. We generated free cash flow of $803 million in Q3 and ended the quarter with cash and non-equity investments of $5.3 billion and gross debt of $6.8 billion on our balance sheet. Our equity investments were valued at over $900 million. We repurchased $625 million of eBay shares in Q3 at an average price of nearly $88 and paid a quarterly cash dividend of $132 million in September or $0.29 per share. Moving on to our outlook. For the fourth quarter, we expect GMV between $20.5 billion and $20.9 billion, representing FX-neutral growth between 4% and 6% year-over-year. Based on current exchange rates, we estimate FX would represent roughly 180 basis points of tailwind to spot GMV growth. Our guidance reflects a continuation of the durable growth trends we've observed in recent quarters, driven by our momentum in focused categories and other strategic initiatives. Additionally, as commodity prices for precious metals have appreciated in recent months, we've observed a notable acceleration in demand for bullion and collectible coins on eBay, which may be a less durable trend. Our acquisition of Tise is also expected to contribute roughly 10 basis points to total FX-neutral GMV growth in Q4. These tailwinds are expected to be offset by a few lapping dynamics. In Q4 of last year, we observed exceptional GMV growth in trading cards due to a strong release calendar. We also saw a double-digit improvement in U.K. C2C volume growth and better-than-expected holiday season demand overall. This year, we will also face a full quarter of impact from the removal of global de minimis exemption versus a single month of impact in Q3. We expect the net of these headwinds to lead to a modest deceleration in GMV growth during Q4. We forecast revenue to be between $2.83 billion and $2.89 billion, implying FX-neutral growth of 8% to 10% year-over-year. Based on current exchange rates, we estimate FX would represent roughly 190 basis points of tailwind to spot revenue growth. Our guidance implies year-over-year take rate expansion primarily due to our remonetization of U.K. C2C volume and first-party advertising growth, partially offset by mix shift and headwinds related to trade policies. As I noted for GMV, we expect a full quarter impact from the de minimis change to apply incremental pressure on our core take rate, advertising, and financial services monetization. On a sequential basis, take rate is expected to be modestly lower due to these factors as well as normal Q4 seasonality attributable to category and ASP mix over the holidays. We expect non-GAAP operating margin between 25.8% and 26.3% in Q4, representing non-GAAP operating income growth between 5% and 9% as reported. The year-over-year decrease in operating margin is primarily due to continued investment in our strategic initiatives as we reinvest a portion of our top line strength in order to drive medium- to long-term growth. We forecast non-GAAP earnings per share between $1.31 and $1.36 in Q4, representing year-over-year growth between 5% and 9%. We expect net interest income to become a headwind to year-over-year earnings growth in Q4 given prevailing interest rates and our lower cash balance. We forecast capital expenditure to be between 4% and 5% of revenue for the full year and our non-GAAP tax rate to remain stable at 16.5%. We expect reported free cash flow of approximately $1.5 billion for this year, including a headwind of $935 million from the unique tax items we paid this past Q2. On a normalized basis, free cash flow is expected to be roughly $2.5 billion for 2025. Lastly, we continue to plan on repurchasing approximately $2.5 billion of our shares for the full year. In addition, our Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.29 per share for the fourth quarter to be paid in December. Next, I'll share a few preliminary thoughts on 2026. We are planning our business around a third consecutive year of positive FX-neutral GMV and revenue growth, reflecting our confidence in our initiatives and a continuation of the strong underlying momentum from this year. However, we are also mindful of several notable lapping dynamics in 2026. These include exceptionally high growth in trading cards and more recently, in bullion and coins, and unexpectedly strong marketing efficiency. In aggregate, we estimate these factors could represent a lapping consideration of approximately 2 points of GMV growth for the full year in 2026. In addition, we expect to face incremental headwinds from annualizing breakage associated with the global de minimis changes. If the current level of impact remains stable throughout 2026, it would result in a headwind to FX-neutral GMV growth of approximately 1 point. We expect the gap between GMV and revenue growth to be relatively narrow in 2026 as continued healthy growth in first-party advertising revenue is expected to be partially offset by pressure on cross-border sellers and a higher mix of GMV from emerging businesses like Vehicles and eBay Live next year, which have lower average take rates. With regards to profitability, as we finalize our planning decisions, we'll maintain our focus on targeting the optimal combination of GMV growth and operating margin to maximize operating income dollar growth over the medium to long term. We expect to face a few modest headwinds in 2026 below the operating income line. Our lower cash balance and the expected slope of interest rates would pressure our net interest income year-over-year. And we are reevaluating our non-GAAP tax rate in 2026 and beyond, which may result in a modest increase partly due to the U.S. tax dynamics. Finally, a few observations on capital allocation. We expect to return approximately $3 billion of cash to shareholders through share repurchases and cash dividends in 2025, which would amount to over $12 billion of capital returns to shareholders from 2022 to 2025. Over the last few years, we were pleased to monetize several equity investments at attractive valuations, including Adevinta, Adyen, and Gmarket. These asset sales enabled us to return significantly more capital to shareholders than our normalized free cash flow. Going forward, our framework for capital allocation has not changed. Our priority remains organic investment in the business to drive sustainable growth, and we will continue to evaluate inorganic opportunities to accelerate our roadmap. With regard to excess capital, we will continue to lean into returns to shareholders. Given our remaining investment portfolio, we do expect that free cash flow from our core business will be the primary source for capital returns in 2026 and beyond. In a normal year, we plan to target repurchases and cash dividends totaling between 90% to 100% of normalized free cash flow, absent organic or inorganic needs for that capital. In closing, we believe our strong Q3 results and Q4 guidance reflect the momentum we are seeing in our business. Our strategy is working, and we believe much of our growth is sustainable. We are taking advantage of the strength in our business this year and making incremental investments in focus categories, C2C, eBay Live, shipping, vehicles, Gen AI, and other areas, which will help drive balanced top line and bottom line growth over the medium to long term. With that, Jamie and I will now take your questions.

It's been impressive to see the business growing at the rate that it is again. And we're kind of entering this new moment in time. And so I just wanted to zoom out for a minute. When you look back on the history of the Internet, Google Search and then the transition to mobile were significant developments that caused seismic change. And so we're kind of here again with AI. You talk a bit about some of the features, functionality that you're integrating into the platform and how you're attempting to use ChatGPT and otherwise. And I'm just curious, as you plan for the changes that AI is going to bring to the business, what do you think are the two, three, four most significant changes that you're anticipating in the way that eBay is going to be connecting with buyers and sellers as well as the approach to advertising in the coming years?

Yes. Thanks for the question, Scott. So, look, I think in a number of ways. I think one of the biggest opportunities for us being really focused on non-new in season and used supply is to really be that unlocker of supply for consumers across the world. And so when you think about what's sitting in garages, closets, and people's houses, the ability to leverage AI to make that almost instantaneous to list is a vision of ours that we've been progressing towards magical listing and is going well. And what I hear from consumers is, oh my God, if it's that easy to list, I have so much stuff that I could sell on the platform. So that's a big opportunity for us. I think the second is how it's transforming how people shop and the level of discovery that we can give them on the platform. When I look at what we're doing now with having so much rich data of 30 years of data of what's happening with our consumers in the marketplace, being able to leverage that in a way that really kind of delights the user and gives them an ideal experience, I think, is another huge benefit. How it changes recommendations, how it changes search, and how it changes discovery on the platform is probably the second area that I'm most excited by. And then the last one I would say is really kind of the pace of innovation of the company leveraging AI. And you're seeing that this quarter as we announced a new visual camera intelligence with Apple in the camera phone as we bring new capabilities to save sellers time like in our member-to-member messaging that we're launching here, the work that we're doing in our own shopping assistant, we have a screenshot of some of that type of stuff that you're seeing in the slides that we put together, giving more relevant recommendations to our buyers on the view item pages. You talked about advertising. Even what we announced this quarter, where we're taking a multimodal approach to our advertising performance provides more high-quality recommendations. So, I'd say every quarter, AI is becoming more embedded throughout our experience. I feel privileged to be in a situation where we've got a technology infrastructure that really blends a hybrid cloud infrastructure, our own LLMs that we've been building on, agentic protocols, and 30 years of data, bringing that all together to kind of bring those simpler, more seamless and more magical experiences to life for customers.

I wanted to ask about margins. You've had really strong growth this quarter and again, in the guide, but it doesn't seem to be flowing through the margin upside to the same degree. So could you please elaborate on where some of the incremental investments are right now? It's noticeable that product development has been ramping for the last couple of quarters. Should we be looking at this as a pull forward of certain fixed costs that would otherwise have happened in 2026 because you can now? Or are there also other more variable and persistent expenses that we need to take into account as we think about margins next year?

Sure. Thank you for the question. So when we think about margins, we're really trying to balance driving long-term growth and then returning and flowing through upside to the bottom line. I'm very pleased with the 9% operating profit growth that we achieved in Q3 and this momentum that we continue to see in the business. Our non-GAAP operating margin in Q3 was 27.1%, and that included an FX headwind of 10 basis points, and we did generate operating leverage in the quarter. In terms of some of the expense lines, sales and marketing expense was up 2% year-over-year and flat quarter-over-quarter, and this was due to marketing efficiencies. Product development expenses that you mentioned, we actually did take some of the upside, and we were investing in product development against some of our very strategic initiatives, including eBay Live, our shipping solutions where we pulled forward our CBT roadmap to really help sellers navigate the changes in the trade policies and then really looking at more investment in our vehicles business as well. And we believe this strategy is working and will primarily benefit our growth next year and beyond. Our G&A expenses were up about 4% year-over-year and down 40 basis points as a percentage of revenue, and this was driven by lower employee-related spend. And then lastly, transaction losses were up 19%. A lot of it had to do with our higher consumer protection losses that were due to the ramp of the U.K. managed shipping program as well as some unfavorable fluctuations in buyer and seller fraud. This is an area that fluctuates quarter-by-quarter, but nothing really concerning in the trends. So, overall, we will continue to focus on ensuring that we're balancing top line growth and margin flow-through and trying to really get this balance right as we think about it going forward.

If I could just follow up there. Do some of the investment this year ease the burden on next year? Or is there just a long list of things you want to go after as you think about the product roadmap?

We will continue to invest in our priority areas as we look into Q4 and next year. We're pretty early in the planning cycle. And so we'll definitely provide more commentary as we get more information about how we want to invest in getting that balance right between top line and bottom line. But you can be assured that, that's what we'll be focused on.

Really impressive growth this quarter. I guess just two on my end. First, given how quickly the marketplace has accelerated, how are you thinking about the portions that might be more temporary to this year and the portions that are more durable for 2026? And then looking forward to next year, what are the key kind of one or two opportunities that you think could be the most incremental to continue the sustained improvement?

Yes. So good to hear from you, Nathan. So look, I think the strength that we see was really broad-based in Q3, both in our focus categories and in our core categories. And it's really for us the culmination of years of investment, and that's helped us fuel consistent market share gains. When we look at the first half of this year, we actually think we picked up 2 points of segment share gains in our focus categories. And you saw the strength across core and across our focus categories. In terms of the durability, we did see some GMV upside from what we would characterize as transitory factors, which we discussed in our prepared remarks. But we do believe the majority of our growth was durable in nature. And overall, we're confident our strategy is working, and we're leaning in towards a path of sustainable growth. And as we think about growth vectors, I think it’s a continuation of the areas that you've seen, the acceleration that we're seeing in focus categories. We've added fashion as our newest focus category, and we're seeing continued momentum there. We're going to continue to invest in the horizontal areas that we've been going after across selling search, leveraging AI, new discovering experiences, which we think will help focus categories and core categories. And we're excited about some of our newest areas of growth, particularly eBay Live. I talked about the growth we're seeing, which is a 5x greater run rate than we saw a year ago. And we're just launching some new geographies there in U.K. and Germany as well as our vehicles business. We're in the early phase of growth there, but the early customer satisfaction and feedback from our sellers and buyers is that the new secure checkout proposition is really resonating with them. And we're seeing great activity and purchases, multistate purchases that are now leveraging our financing, our insurance, our warranty, our transportation, title verification, that end-to-end process, which is pretty exciting. So those are the growth vectors that I would point out to you.

Great. Jamie, maybe I'll ask a couple of questions for you. So, first, how are you currently strategically approaching partnerships with AI assistants and agents? Obviously, it seems like a lot of things are happening fast in e-commerce on the agent side. Are there any technical constraints or any other things that you would call out as a potential constraint for you? And then second question, staying on the AI topic, how should we think about the areas where you would be deploying the advancements that we are seeing with LLMs and other AI tools in 2026 into the eBay platform to improve the buyer experience? Anything you can share there would be great.

Thank you for your question, Deepak. We are excited about our collaboration with agentic partners, which has greatly enhanced our selling experience. Our initial efforts with agentic shopping and discovery are opening up new avenues for buyers to explore eBay's inventory. For over a year, we have been experimenting with various agentic experiences to understand how buyers and sellers interact throughout their journey. We've branded this our AI shopping assistant, which has been operational and improving month by month to refine the experience. This has led us to develop our unified agentic commerce platform, which integrates our hybrid cloud infrastructure with the LLM ecosystem we've built, fine-tuning these models over time, alongside our MCP servers. This combination utilizes eBay’s 30 years of customer data, placing us in a strong position for experimentation and innovation while leveraging the insights we've gathered. As we focus on agentic commerce, our goal is to provide our buyers with the ability to search using natural language. You can see an example in the slides we've shared, highlighting how we're enhancing variability and discovery opportunities. Our inventory is unique, primarily consisting of non-new, in-season, used, and refurbished items from both C2C and B2C sellers, totaling 2.4 billion listings. Additionally, eBay's inventory tends to be considered purchases rather than commodities that require regular replenishment. Our category strategy has enabled us to apply valuable services around transactions, such as authenticity guarantees, guaranteed fit, warranties on refurbished items, and improved international operations. All of this contributes to our distinctive inventory experience, which is why we optimize our LLMs for searching and discovering this inventory, gathering everything into an MCP server that capitalizes on this data and insights. We will continue to implement the strategies shown in the slides, utilizing agentic technologies to enhance inventory discovery, elevate seller performance on the platform, and improve recommendations through AI enhancements. We are now equipped to foster collaboration between third-party and our first-party agents on our platform.

This is Andrew on for Shweta. I just want to focus a little bit on trading cards. So how should we think about the sustainability of growth within the category? And what type of signals or metrics could we use to kind of evaluate the success of the category?

Yes. Thanks for the question, Andrew. Look, as it relates to trading cards, we see a long runway of growth for trading cards. We believe most of the recent growth has been driven by the trust and the innovation that we've driven for hobbyists over the last several years. Think about all the things we've introduced, Andrew, like My Collection, magical listings, bulk listing capabilities, our partnership with PSA on grading and authentication, and on vault storage. So I've always said that our trading card business is not linear. It's going to ebb and flow based on the popularity of whether it's new releases or collaborations or new rookie classes or chase cards. And we won't always be firing on all cylinders like we are now with all the sports leagues, NFL, NBA, MLB, as well as Pokémon and Magic really having strong years. But what we see today is really a healthy balance between new buyers, sold items, and ASP contributing to that growth. And that's what gives us the confidence in the durability of our GMV run rate moving forward, even if the year-over-year growth decelerates in the coming quarters.

One big picture one and then maybe one more near-term financial. When we look at the strategy that you deployed with the trading cards, what seems to be really successful was the ability to reduce friction. I like walk through all the steps, but we know how that played out through the business. And a question we get a lot from investors recently is how big can your vehicles business be? And like when we look at what Caramel does and what you've done with prior focus categories, it was pretty effective and it's obvious that the cars come at high ASPs and it's going to be booked as GMV. So how should we think about this flowing through the model over the next year and any implications for take rates that could move one way or another we might not have thought through? And then just a near-term one, I think you rolled out halo attribution in the U.S. and like other North American markets starting in 2026. And I think you had a lot of success with that in other countries around the ad product. So wondering what the expectations are there to drive ads and the take rate.

Yes. Look, you're right on the vehicles experience, it really is about making it a seamless experience end-to-end, like we've done in trading cards and in other categories. And what we saw in Caramel was really this opportunity for sellers and buyers where we handle everything for them. So identity, title verification, the transfer of ownership, payments, financing, insurance, warranty, and transportation because a lot of these cars go across state lines, for example. So where we're focused is really in the collectible car market, which is about a $75 billion addressable market of the $1 trillion-plus used car market that's out there. And we're excited by it because, a, it's really resonating with customers. We're seeing great activity that's really leveraging this end-to-end platform. So we just had a 2015 Rolls-Royce Ghost sold for $113,000, and it uses our secure purchase, our DMV services actually uses our buyer financing, et cetera, ranging all the way to a school bus from 2008 that was converted into an RV that's sold for $31,000 for a seller in California and a buyer in Missouri. And again, using that full end-to-end suite of services. So it kind of speaks to the opportunity that we have in vehicles. I think the other reason we're excited by it is because of the synergies and overlap we see with our parts and accessories business. Since we are going after this collectible car market, it's really congruent with those that want to restore, fix up older and collectible cars. And it tends to be enthusiasts that are into parts and accessories are also really into these collectible vehicles. So we think there's really nice synergies from both the buyer and the seller base there. Peggy, maybe you want to touch a little bit on the higher ASP of vehicles and the impact of that on take rate?

Sure. Absolutely. So we're really excited about this long-term opportunity in vehicles and what secure purchase unlocks. Vehicle volume has seen significant growth quarter-over-quarter since we launched early this year. But the contribution to total volume is still very modest as we expected. We estimate that Caramel's effective take rate will fall to the low to mid-single-digit range when including both the buy side and the sell-side monetization. But the revenue contribution also so far this year has been immaterial. And so I don't expect that it would have any material impact to your models for the rest of this year or next year.

And look, on the ads attribution change, we think the new halo attribution better aligns the value of our CPA ads with the velocity that we provide to sellers. And I think it helps better calibrate the return on ad spend levels between CPA and CPC. You're right, Michael, this is something that we released back in Germany in February of this year, expanded in the June timeframe to other key markets across the European region. And then we announced today, we plan to roll that to U.S. and Canada in the new year. And this was really based on the learnings that we saw from other markets where those learnings said that what we saw from sellers was they can certainly adjust and adopt their bids as a result of these changes. But the net effect of the attribution change was positive for our ads monetization in Germany. And importantly, we're very focused on the ROAS levels for our sellers, and our ROAS levels remain healthy for our sellers, and they continue to adopt our CPA ads. So that's why we've extended it now to the U.S. and Canadian markets.

Jamie, it looks like engaged buyers spend increased and your listings count has made tremendous progress over the last couple of years. I think it was $2.4 billion this quarter. And I guess the question is, when do you think this better inventory and maybe personalization features translate into more active buyers and enthusiast buyers? I'd be curious your view on that. And then maybe just any update for us on the Facebook Marketplace partnership.

Our trailing 12-month active buyers increased by 1% to 134 million in Q3. While the top of the funnel is critical for us, we are particularly focused on transforming active buyers into enthusiast buyers. We've observed consistent, gradual improvements in our year-over-year growth rate for this group over the past three years. In Q3, the GMV per enthusiast buyer exceeded $3,200 annually and continues to rise. Although the macro environment in Europe has posed challenges, we have not seen our enthusiast buyers leave the marketplace; if anything, they might shift to mid-value categories. Our mid-value buyers, who are just below the enthusiast tier, have been growing year-over-year every quarter since the beginning of 2024. We are committed to investing in comprehensive marketing strategies. While this approach may take longer to yield results compared to pure lower funnel spending, we believe it strikes the right balance. Regarding our partnership with Facebook Marketplace, we remain hopeful about its long-term potential. Both companies are collaborating to enhance the user experience. In Q3, we scaled our tests and improved the integrated checkout experience, which is crucial for us. This collaboration benefits our seller community by providing them with greater exposure to Facebook's large audience and enhances the experience for Facebook Marketplace users as they explore a wider range of listings. We intend to keep expanding this test and refining every aspect of the funnel. Each enhancement has led to significant improvements, which is encouraging to see.

I wanted to ask about one of the pieces you gave for 2026 in terms of the narrowing of revenue and GMV, and it sounds like some pressure on advertising. Can you guys just unpack that and help us understand kind of what exactly that means? And then magical listings has really made the seller process easier. Can you guys just help us understand how that manifests back into GMV? What happens on the sell side as you guys do get that long tail of listings? And how do you guys really optimize that?

Yes, let me start by discussing magical listings and then touch on advertising. We have observed that magical listings effectively unlocks more inventory for sellers, allowing them to spend less time creating listings and more time focusing on growing their businesses. Over 10 million sellers have utilized our magical listings tool, leading to over 300 million augmented items powered by AI. This initiative aims to increase selling velocity and improve customer satisfaction in the selling process, reflected in metrics like listing completion rates and listings per lister. Our efforts also extend beyond just listings; we are enhancing sellers' photos to boost sales, and using AI to determine the best images for promoted listings, which helps drive sell-through rates. eBay boasts a significant number of consumer-to-consumer sellers who offer unique items, and we estimate that the average household has around $3,000 to $4,000 of potential items to sell on eBay, with less than 20% currently listed. Magical listings plays a crucial role in making it easier to unlock this inventory. Regarding advertising, we noted that our ad growth was strong in Q3 because of increased volume and adoption, and we anticipate that our first-party ads will stabilize with growth in the low to mid-teens in Q4. However, we remain optimistic about the return on advertising spend for sellers and the overall experience we provide, indicating a positive outlook for our advertising portfolio and its opportunities.

Andrew, regarding your question about the narrowing of GMV compared to revenue in 2026, we anticipate the gap between GMV and revenue growth to be relatively slim. This expectation is mainly due to our ongoing strong growth in first-party advertising, which is slightly impacted by two factors: first, there are fewer imports into the U.S. by CBT sellers, which puts some pressure on our advertising and financial services monetization. Additionally, we expect a larger share of GMV to come from our emerging businesses such as vehicles and eBay Live, which typically have a lower average take rate. That’s the reasoning behind this expectation.

And look, on the ads attribution change, we think the new halo attribution better aligns the value of our CPA ads with the velocity that we provide to sellers. And I think it helps better calibrate the return on ad spend levels between CPA and CPC. You're right, Andrew, this is something that we released back in Germany in February of this year, expanded in the June timeframe to other key markets across the European region. And then we announced today, we plan to roll that to U.S. and Canada in the new year. And this was really based on the learnings that we saw from other markets where those learnings said that what we saw from sellers was they can certainly adjust and adopt their bids as a result of these changes. But the net effect of the attribution change was positive for our ads monetization in Germany. And importantly, we're very focused on the ROAS levels for our sellers, and our ROAS levels remain healthy for our sellers, and they continue to adopt our CPA ads. So that's why we've extended it now to the U.S. and Canadian markets.

I guess just to look at the 2026 guidance, maybe a little bit more closely and the commentary on positive GMV growth. And Pat, you gave the kind of 3 points of headwind impact. Can you maybe elaborate a little bit more on what positive means and kind of where you feel like you fall in that trajectory? We've spent the better part of an hour talking about a lot of the improvements you guys have made. Jamie, you've called a lot of the growth durable. So I think just helping investors kind of feel sort of frame where we land in that positive. I know it's early. And then on the de minimis impacts, Clearly, that's gotten bigger. Any way to frame in a little bit more detail what you're seeing there?

Sure. So we are early in our planning process, which is why we sort of provided only high-level remarks on our preliminary commentary for next year. We have the holiday ahead of us, and so it would be premature to talk too much about how we're thinking about it specifically. We do expect our strategic initiatives to remain the core driver of our growth, namely, as we've talked about, focused categories, geographic initiatives, horizontal innovation, we're super excited about what we know eBay Live and vehicles will contribute given the incremental investments and focus that we had this year. We've pointed out some of the lapping dynamics that we're expecting. Some of those are, as you were asking, related to the tariff announcements where we do expect to see a full annualized amount from the one month we saw in Q3 and the full quarter that we'll have in Q4. And our expectations in terms of that 1 point was really annualizing a similar trend to what we're currently seeing.

Yes. And on your question on de minimis, Ygal, so we did observe breakage related to tariffs in Q3, particularly after the de minimis exemption was removed for the rest of the world in late August. So that subjected a significant amount of imports to tariffs for the first time. And sellers in Japan and Canada were amongst the most impacted. What we've really focused on is supporting our customers, which is why we're accelerating our product roadmap for cross-border shipping services. So we talked earlier about eBay International Shipping in Canada. That's our third largest corridor into the U.S. and really giving them a solution similar to what we brought to U.S. sellers. And that's launched and is performing well. We're extending SpeedPAK, which we've talked about for China, then we extended it Japan. We're expanding SpeedPAK to our German sellers. And these tools help sellers manage the friction and the complexity associated with the changes while providing buyers price transparency. So, overall, we feel confident our marketplace is well suited to help sellers and buyers navigate these challenges. Peggy talked about some of the lapping dynamics for next year from that. But one of the benefits we have is our diversified supply of domestic and cross-border inventory is an advantage in this environment, while also our non-new in-season used and refurbished inventory can help consumers find value as well.